Accounting Software of Amcor Limited-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about a Company in Australia that utilizations bookkeeping programming. Answer: Presentation Amcor Limited is an assembling organization that bargains in unbending plastic bundling and delivering adaptable. It is an Australian based organization that bargains in bundling. The results of Amcor are liable for securing drinks, food, drugs and individual consideration items. Its base camp is in Victoria, Australia. In the time of 1860, this organization was established. That time it was known as Australian Paper Manufacturers. Later on it was named as Amcor in the year 1986. It is known to be the biggest PET jugs maker on the planet. The fundamental focal point of this report is to talk about the execution of bookkeeping programming in the Amcor Limited. It likewise portrays the structure of the association alongside the upper hands of Amcor Limited. It likewise discusses the bookkeeping programming that this organization utilizes for its tasks and so as to improve its proficiency. There are a few advantages and constraints present in the current structure and programming of the association. Bookkeeping programming can be utilized by this association to complete their activity in a powerful and productive way Current Organizational Structure Amcor is an Australian based assembling organization (Amcor.com 2017). It has an authoritative structure that is various leveled in nature. The top level establish of the overseeing executive. At that point the following level comprises of the executives of a few offices like fund, tasks, promoting and human asset the board. At that point there is the degree of administrators of the different offices like promoting, individual chief, creation group pioneers and fund managers. The least level establish of creation colleagues, deals group and records collaborators. The supervisory group is exceptionally solid and its fundamental center is the development. Figure 1: Organizational Structure (Source: Lunenburg 2012) This is the general hierarchical structure of the organization (Fan, Wong and Zhang, 2013). The nitty gritty hierarchical structure is given as underneath. Figure 2: Organizational Structure (Source: Sapinsider.wispubs.com 2017) This graph shows the general various leveled structure of the organization. Its supervisory crew is exceptionally solid and it very well may be additionally appeared as far as chain of importance as given underneath. This sort of structure is composed in nature and causes the association to keep up a steady state. All the representatives know about their jobs and duties (Sapinsider.wispubs.com 2017). They realize whom to report if there should arise an occurrence of any crisis and significant issue. There are fixed standards that are to be followed in the organization. The objectives of the organization are obviously characterized and it is simple for Amcor to accomplish its objectives by following this structure in light of the fact that the assignments are clear while workers are executing it. Operational issues looked by Amcor because of its Structure There are a few escape clauses of having this hierarchical structure. This structure doesn't permit Amcor to work in an adaptable way (CorporateSite 2017). It likewise makes issue in anticipating any drawn out objectives since future is dubious and this structure probably won't be gainful later on. This structure likewise goes about as a boundary if there should arise an occurrence of inventiveness Amcor focuses to turn into the most imaginative organization on the planet yet this structure comes in its manner. The jobs of some office become dynamic while there are a few divisions that stay inactive. This sort of structure doesn't permit two way interchanges prompting correspondence hole (Tran and Tian 2013). This structure prompts a reason for low camaraderie. In future this may prompt genuine difficulties influencing the spirit of the workers. The operational issues which they face are the less perceivability in the flexibly chain the board of the organization (Singh 2013). Another issue is the obstruction if there should be an occurrence of development. There are hole in the aptitudes of the laborers. They need to consider the earth as well. Their primary issue is to offset upkeep alongside high profitability. Framework Acquisition Method of Amcor Limited Amcor Limited uses the Enterprise Resource Planning programming. The few programming utilized by this organization are SAP ERP 6.0, SAP SCM 5.0 and SAP CRM 7.0. These arrangements help the organization to perform very well in the business. The expense of handling deals request is scaled down and an opportunity to figure the selling cost is likewise less. The income is expanded. The capability of venture is expanding. The income of the organization is expanded sue to the securing of ERP. The quantity of stock blackouts is less a direct result of solid materials. Cargo costs are diminished because of this securing. There is little usefulness in SAP that is absent in other programming. SAP utilizes (Oxygen 2017). This ERP is praised by the utilization of Microsoft Office word. Framework Flowchart of the Sales Procedures The business model in an assembling organization isn't so very much created and is insufficient in nature. The business procedure starts with deciding the requirements, deals groups and moves to be made. It begins with the client (Gunasekaran and Spalanzani 2012). The client first demands for a request. The producer checks whether the items are accessible or are attainable for creation and afterward sells or makes further items. This procedure is redundant in nature and has no such issues. In the stream graph beneath we get the opportunity to see that the client first puts in the request and afterward the organization favors or opposes the request demand dependent on specific conditions (Hosgor, 2015). At that point if the request gets affirmed the maker assumes its job. After the items are prepared it is offered to the clients. Figure 3: System Flowchart of the Sales Procedure (Source: Ingram et al. 2012) The above stream outline gives an unmistakable thought regarding the business method in Amcor Limited. Control Problems and Different Types of Frauds that are Possible in this System There are a few issues related with the present ERP framework in the association. As a matter of first importance execution of this sort of programming is exceptionally costly for the organization. These kinds of frameworks are profoundly unpredictable and are not under the all out control of the associations. A few quantities of specialists are required so as to keep up the ERP framework. Serious preparing is required to deal with this framework. On the off chance that the product is obsolete, at that point it can crash the whole framework prompting loss of touchy information. There is an opportunity of deficient ability of detailing that can lead the organization to an outside announcing just as loss of information control (Christauskas and Miseviciene 2012). Any sort of deferral in update can prompt vulnerabilities in the product. In the event of absence of security and consistence guidelines, this can prompt extreme issue. There are additionally a few sorts of cheats that can occur alongside this framework. There can be imaginary merchant that are made in the framework. For these sorts of invented sellers there can be imaginary financial balances as well. The marks in the receipt can likewise be bogus misinforming the organization. The receipt dispersion can be coded to an off-base record. There can be a great deal of bogus or phony provider ace and financial balances with no documentation. Improvement and Adoption of the Accounting Software Packages There are a few bookkeeping programming that can be received like Xero, Myob and Quickbooks. There are a few issues in utilizing customary programming like the framework isn't generally modern. Information should be moved starting with one spot then onto the next and utilizing programming keeps the information just in one spot. Access is just there in the hand of one individual. It is costly and delayed simultaneously. Then again these cloud bookkeeping programming are valuable for the business as far as cost and viability. It builds the productivity of the framework. The bookkeeping programming that is utilized by the Amcor Limited is called (Reval 2017). This is Software as an assistance stage for the association with the end goal of the executives of treasury and the board of hazard. This product assists with overseeing money and liquidity and furthermore comprehend the budgetary danger of an organization. These are utilized by in excess of 650 organizations around the globe. It g ives a prevalent client experience expanding the arrival on speculation of the organization. It gives a versatile arrangement. It likewise offers worldwide help. Current Market Size The diagram gave beneath give the current market size of Amcor Limited. It shows the offer cost throughout the previous 1 year. It very well may be seen the presentation has improved. The presentation has been fluctuating however there was a colossal improvement around July 2017 (Amcor.com 2017). In spite of the fact that the offer cost at present is less however the presentation of the organization is high. Figure 4: Market Size of Amcor Ltd. (Source: Amcor.com 2017) Pioneers in the Market and Competitive Advantage The top chiefs in this industry are Georgia Pacific, Silgan Holdings Inc. alongside Amcor Limited. Silgan Holdings is one of the main providers of unbending bundling of merchandise items. Its yearly deals and income in the year 2016 was accounted for to be 3.6 billion dollars (Silganholdings.com 2017). This organization is one of the primary contenders of Amcor Limited. Georgia pacific then again is an American organization that is viewed as universes biggest producer of paper. Amcor can be viewed as pioneer in this field with yearly income of 9.5 billion dollars. The upper hand of this organization is its development. Its fundamental spotlight is consistently on consumer loyalty that has prompted the enormous development of the organization. Among the bookkeeping programming Reval is viewed as the market head alongside Xero, Myob and Quickbooks. Existing Challenges Encountered by Users of Accounting Software There are a few difficulties that are associated with utilizing the bookkeeping programming. The most testing issue is the absence of security on the grounds that the information is prese

Greenspan: The Man Behind Money Essay -- Essays Paapers

Greenspan: The Man Behind Money In Justin Martin's book Greenspan: The Man Behind Money, the life of Dr. Alan Greenspan, a man whose ability in financial aspects has drastically impacted the condition of the U.S. economy, is told from a chronicled point of view and in a semi-sequential request. Alan Greenspan experienced childhood in New York City's Manhattan. After his folks separated from he went to live with his mom and her folks. Greenspan's dad infrequently visited, yet when he did, Greenspan was amazingly upbeat. This detail struck an enthusiastic string in that it was apparent Greenspan strived to succeed for himself as well as for the endorsement of his dad. Greenspan's dad was a NY Stock Broker and distributed a book entitled, Recovery Ahead, a book about President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and the condition of the economy. The book had the accompanying engraving: May this my underlying exertion with a consistent idea of you branch into a perpetual chain of comparable endeavors so that at your development you may think back and try to decipher the thinking behind these coherent estimates and start your very own like work. Your Dad. (4) This would in the end become Greenspan's crucial life. In spite of the fact that he saw his dad barely any occasions during his grown-up life, his dad without a doubt new of his child's prosperity through the entirety of the media consideration Greenspan got throughout the years. Greenspan was impacted by his mom, books, and by tutors throughout his life. While in participation at Columbia University, Greenspan took a course on business cycles, educated by Arthur Burns. On the main day of class, Professor Burns posed the accompanying inquiry, What causes expansion? at that point stated, Abundance government spending causes swelling. Greenspan having perused John Maynard Keyne... ...difficulty of the poor was gotten with boo's and outrage. He immediately understood the heartlessness of what he had said and apologized. The book makes reference to that from his instructive foundation, work understanding, and his time at his Economic firm Alan Greenspan was bound to become Chair of the central bank, yet paying little heed to the vocation he had picked, it appears that Greenspan was bound to succeed-period. In the wake of perusing this book, I am completely dazzled by Chairman Greenspan, however I likewise comprehend Economics from an authentic angle and its effect on my life-past, present, and future. Justin Martin made a huge effort to, in detail, clarify the standards behind financial matters so that made it straightforward and charming to peruse. Works Cited Martin, Justin. Greenspan: The Man Behind Money. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing, 2000.

Cafe Bijoux Essay Example for Free

Bistro Bijoux Essay Q 1) What is the present situating procedure? Is it working? Why or why not? Situating system enables an organization in making its personality and its items/to support it gives (Anderson, 2011). Cafã © Bijoux offers a moderately low cost for a cup of soup and a sandwich, while offering sound and scrumptious suppers to their focused on advertise (principally laborers at the City Hall). To keep the cost low, the administration didn't printed a menu rather it was composed on a blackboard and was refreshed every day. Also, the fixings were distributed to the clients as they got their requests. Business activities were from 10 am till 3 pm, essentially pulling in clients from neighborhood encompassing business for lunch, represent considerable authority in natively constructed soup, new sandwiches, and servings of mixed greens. The situating technique was not effective for the most part because of a muddled vision. Despite the fact that it pulled in a specialty advertise it was an incredible system of offering sound nourishments, anyway it was not actualized successfully. There were objections on a few events that the eatery couldn't be found, the troughs knew about the contention, yet couldn't resolve it because of absence of budgetary capacities. Moreover, the café was situated close to a parking structure, which was utilized by the city lobby workers and other open workplaces representatives. The normal appearance time for these workers was between 7:30 †8:30 am and they leave around 4:30 †5:30 pm, while Furthermore, the executives has neglected to recognize a reasonable procedure for the business. No reasonable vision has been actualized due to the business’ dysfunctions as a rule. The cafã ©, just opens five days every week, takes into account lunch specials, be that as it may, ought to be a morning meal and informal breakfast escape from the workplaces of numerous which hasn’t been the situation. What's more, because of the booking of the long periods of activities numerous potential clients are missed due to the cafã © being shut in the first part of the day and the night, where many are entering and leaving the parking structure, which is legitimately before the Cafe. These potential clients are as a rule needing an early morning bagel and espresso before bearing a difficult day of work. By and by, most of clients are extremely happy with the measure of serving alongside the nature of their feast just as the cost paid. The system of being a low evaluated high worth added has seen issues because of absence of clients which is influencing the main concern definitely. This inescapable condition has stopped tasks and begun an examination upon different neighboring contenders and their own techniques. In general, the methodology is successful however not adequately utilized, which considers territories of blunder that incorporate, a noticeable beautiful sign, expanded long stretches of activities, expanded publicizing, a steady menu, a providing food opportunity, and a genuine cafã © look which can separate itself from the remainder of its rivals. Q 2) What are the key purposes behind the discouraging deals and benefits? A portion of the key explanations behind the horrid benefits are principally because of absence of control, and inability from both Julie and Mary, the co-proprietors and supervisors of Cafã © Bijoux. The thinking behind this case is that a business that isn't seen beneficial is generally not. Moreover, a genuine eatery sign isn't up and noticeable. A sign is a significant door to achievement in a bustling clogged market which sees in excess of eleven organizations encompassing a one km sweep. Be that as it may, Julie and Mary have been anticipating the assets to set up a sign, which has seen negative outcomes because of absence of clients. The absence of clients comes from a poor plan of action that is executed accurately. The Business model comprises of sound new nourishments with a low cost. This certainly focuses on the correct group, at an inappropriate time, truly. Planning of long periods of activities are immensely harming the business, by opening at 10am and shutting down at 3pm. The significant movement is lost from the morning pinnacle of breakfast through to its late evening lunch/supper opening. The botch of long stretches of activities is costing the business a great deal of cash, and will keep on because of the condition that it works together in. Promoting and Marketing have additionally taken the rearward sitting arrangement because of absence of assets, this is harming the business and is unquestionably detracting from it. The present plan of action, which involves a new and solid living, targets numerous people in the present region, for example, private and different workplaces. Moreover, no take-out requests or providing food activities have been executed to expand mindfulness or ability. Likewise, a fixed menu has not been made that should list the most preferred things alongside their costs. Missing out on this opportunity is another businesses’ gain, by not making and circulating menus or posting the menu on an online site is an easy decision. This can be savvy thinking about large scale manufacturing, just as a free site that promotes independent company adventures inside the territory. The equal the initial investment point isn't reached, so these negative figures are falling alongside the co-proprietors. Q 3) Is there an approach to improve the cafés execution? Provided that this is true, how? There are a few different ways to improve the cafés execution inside this soaked market. Right off the bat, the eatery should obviously recognize who it ought to take into account and how, this can be upon perceptions from over a significant time span clients. In any case, a bright energetic sign must be made and executed so as to be seen by person on foot and vehicle traffic. Likewise, an excellent re-opening occasion ought to be made so as to re-present the cafã ©. Cafã © music, bright inflatables, and free espresso should make for an incredible day of reintroducing the business to numerous clients. What's more, a site ought to be made with a menu that has things and related costs so as to fulfill the necessities of its many working office clients in the territory, a gathering rebate rate can likewise be actualized so as to build up a client relationship the executives model. This should be possible modestly, and can contact numerous people through mail, email, or potentially drop offs. Also, a procedure that has returned to life has been the couponing business, which sees huge sites, for example, Groupon, takes into account a wide cluster of organizations in their individual regions. Groupon makes a promotion which is conveyed to many contingent upon their neighborhoods and inclinations. The arrangement of the day may contain a sandwich, soup and serving of mixed greens combo with an uncommon basic value that will speak to the normal individual who is sound still, small voice. The couponing business has unexpectedly returned the market with a blast because of the blast of long range informal communication. This will expand potential clients, the same number of people have been progressively adjusting to the social sites, which is another pattern. So as to pull in however many individuals as could reasonably be expected by this type of couponing, there must be an extraordinary motivator that would grab their eye, so as to actually carry them into the cafã ©, possibly an advancement for some free espresso for a particular day, for example, Monday. Reemerging a present market might be troublesome, nonetheless, with the correct plans, it might be feasible.

“King Charles is totally to blame for the civil war.” Do I Agree? Essay

The English Civil War occurred in 1642 when Charles I increased his imperial expectation in Nottingham. The split among Charles and Parliament was with the end goal that neither one of the sides was eager to withdraw over the rules that they held and war was unavoidable as a manner by which all issues could be fathomed. The nation split into the individuals who upheld the lord and the individuals who bolstered Parliament. A few history specialists state that Charles is absolutely to fault for this war, while some state that parliament is absolutely to fault for it. I am going to educate you concerning it. There were numerous explanations behind why the ruler was to be faulted one reason for why the lord was at fault was a direct result of his cash issues. Charles was bad with cash and consistently had practically nothing. He had shut down parliament and needed to consider methods of getting cash without asking the parliament’s help. He had utilized old laws like ‘Ship Money’, which was an exceptional expense to help the naval force he utilized this plan to get cash off the individuals of England. This made him disagreeable. Another explanation behind why the ruler was at fault was the manner in which he had taken care of with religion. As he was the lord, he had believed that he had the ability to make the Scots utilize English petition books. The scots were irate to the point that they chose to battle Charles I. This additionally made him disagreeable to the scots just as the individuals of England. At the point when the scots had vanquished him Charles needed to pay loads of assessment cash which he couldn’t manage. Along these lines, Charles needed to review parliament, as just duty casted a ballot by parliament disposed of the scots. Charles trusted in divine rights that God had picked him to be above all else so he and Archbishop Laud began to adorn the congregation which he said that if the congregation is enriched, you will be nearer to God. He additionally wedded a catholic princess from France which was extremely disliked. Oliver Cromwell Parliament despite everything needed more force and no arrival to the Catholic religion. To compound the situation for Charles the Catholics in Ireland murdered 100,000 Protestants. Additionally another motivation behind why parliament is to be faulted is on the grounds that the lord and parliament consistently used to contend about who controls the military and parliament drove the ruler crazy by assuming control over them without his consent.

Free Essays on Decisions In The Workplace

Theoretical Choices in the working environment have more prominent ramifications upon one’s life than most accept. How one goes to a choice shows all others inside the workplace their character and inclination. I have come to understand that having a guide for business related choices, helps everybody included. Finding a way to accomplish the most ideal result for an issue is the reason for following a dynamic model. In the accompanying piece we will see how the UOP dynamic model was used to assist me with a difficult circumstance at work. The UOP model is comprised of 3 fundamental zones with sub-isolating focuses. The main territory is Frame the Issue. Inside this zone request that yourself recognize the issue. In my activity related issue, I found the issue to be miscommunication between 3 divisions in regards to receipt logs. Seeing how the procedure should function so as to go easily falls in â€Å"defining the models, objectives and objectives†. My basic reasoning aptitudes are being used through my activities of examining the issue. I realize the most ideal approach to pay the development organizations are to get the solicitations through Contracts office, at that point forward the task number to Facilities Information Systems (my specialty) to create a record at that point on to the Facilities Construction Mgmt dept secretary for installment. The last sub-division of Fame the issue is assesses impacts of the issue. At the point when miscommunication happens, a breakdown in the process follows. Solicitati ons are not paid on schedule, board individuals are advised by the organizations and before long followed by superfluous media consideration. Confining the issue assists with giving a strong picture to pinpoint key blunders. The subsequent territory incorporates Making the Decision. This model is useful in view of its reasonableness. So as to settle on a choice to take care of a difficult you need to initially realize what the issue is; just because of the issue. After thinking about the issue... Free Essays on Decisions In The Workplace Free Essays on Decisions In The Workplace Theoretical Choices in the working environment have more noteworthy ramifications upon one’s life than most accept. How one goes to a choice shows all others inside the workplace their character and inclination. I have come to understand that having a guide for business related choices, helps everybody included. Finding a way to accomplish the most ideal result for an issue is the reason for following a dynamic model. In the accompanying piece we will see how the UOP dynamic model was used to assist me with a difficult circumstance at work. The UOP model is comprised of 3 fundamental regions with sub-partitioning focuses. The principal region is Frame the Issue. Inside this zone request that yourself distinguish the issue. In my activity related issue, I found the issue to be miscommunication between 3 divisions with respect to receipt logs. Seeing how the procedure should function so as to go easily falls in â€Å"defining the rules, objectives and objectives†. My basic reasoning abilities are being used through my activities of breaking down the issue. I realize the most ideal approach to pay the development organizations are to get the solicitations through Contracts division, at that point forward the venture number to Facilities Information Systems (my area of expertise) to produce a record at that point on to the Facilities Construction Mgmt dept secretary for installment. The last sub-division of Fame the issue is assesses impacts of the issue. At the point when miscommunication happens, a breakdown in the process follows. Solicitations are not paid on schedule, board individuals are told by the organizations and before long followed by pointless media consideration. Surrounding the issue assists with giving a strong picture to pinpoint key mistakes. The subsequent region includes Making the Decision. This model is useful as a result of its reasonableness. So as to settle on a choice to take care of a difficult you need to initially comprehend what the issue is; just because of the issue. After pondering the issue...

EA Telethon

EA Telethon Ok Early Action accepted students (AKA prefrosh), stay by your phones for the evening, because MIT is calling YOU! Thats right, tonight is the Early Action telethon when current students spend their evening calling new students and chatting with them about MIT. Ive participated in the last two telethons but, alas, this year the 9 degree weather outside is just too much of a deterrent, its so nice and warm inside that I dont particularly want to walk all the way over to campus in order to call all yalls. Especially, since, I can chat with you here. So, heres the deal, I will be available until 11 PM EST (3 hours from now), just as long as the telethon lasts, to answer questions in the comments, and chat about MIT. STIPULATIONS: Early Action admitted students only. I know, it doesnt seem fair, Im sorry, but feel free to read and enjoy the banter if you havent yet been accepted. This entry is due to my laziness and desire to stay warm, yet also chat with accepted students. SO . . . have at it. You get me for three hours, go.

Research Papers on Abortion Tell Interesting Facts

Pro-Life or Pro-Choice, it doesn’t matter which group you staunchly support on this controversial topic. While writing research papers on abortion you will come across a lot of information, ideas, and perspective which you have never heard of before. Some of the little known facts about abortion include: 1. Ancient Hebrew Religious Law Wouldn’t Consider Abortion Homicide before Day 41 In accordance with the ancient Hebrew religious law, a fetus would only be considered a human baby after 40 days of its conception, thus allowing abortion practice to be a sane method and not considered a homicide. 2. Connecticut Was the First State to Prohibit Abortion Connecticut was the first state known to prohibit abortion and exercised control over laws that affirmed the use of poison. During the mid-19th century the fetuses started to be given the status of being recorded in state records. 3. Abortion against Husband’s Consent Was a Punishable Act In ancient Greece and Assyria, a woman would be severely punished for having an abortion against her husband’s will since a man’s consent was highly regarded in societies. Assyria in 1075 sentenced women to death for the act against husband’s knowledge. 4. Birth Controls Prevented Abortions During economic recession in 2008 in the U.S, the increase in the usage of birth controls reduced the abortion rates. These rates had always soared previously during famines and wars for prevention of another mouth to be fed by a staunchly poor family. 5. Romans Were Pro-Choice Romans, like the modern American society, believed in the right to opt for an abortion and did not think of the need for it to be illegal at all. 6. 7th Century Catholic Church Had Its Own Standards The 7th century Catholic Church considered abortion a crime. But it also had a crime punishable far more severe than abortion: oral sex. For about 1100 years, and prior to the 17th century, abortion was thought to be a minor offence. 7. Abortions Caused a Great Deal of Deaths In 1800s many women sought abortions through backstreet doctors. They died in great numbers (nearly every one in three women) due to the lack of safety measures and standards of hygiene. 8. Fetal Pain: Is There a Thing as Such? It is hard to determine fetal pain in the early months of pregnancy, thus abortion is said to be an oblivious method to the unborn child. However, the pain is felt after about a 28 week gestation period when the neurological connections are formed, strengthened, and can add up to pain perception. 9. Under Age Women Go through More Abortions Due to a rise in teen pregnancy and the lack of financial stability in their early 20’s, nearly half of the women seeking abortion are below the age of 25. It is essential to know the facts and be well equipped for the research on a topic as sensitive as abortion, which won’t only help you with the research writing but also in personal life choices.

Descriptive Essay The Essay - 782 Words

Transience is the meaning of Japanese â€Å"sabi†. We often sense a beauty of time from antiques with scratched surface or muted colors. This kind of beauty is similar with â€Å"sabi† in that it is beyond appearance. Sabi is an aestheticism that embodies natural perspectives, and casts doubts on permanence. Therefore, we can say sabi means transient beauty like the fall and death of sakura, and also like the splendid fireworks. The view Sabi appreciates the washed-out beauty of time and the precious residue of time. 4.3.2 Examples The natural perspectives of Sabi find themselves in daily artifacts and pottery. The warmth and emotion of artisans integrates with their products through natural materials, hence making every piece a unique embodiment of different emotional attachment. The users of could also detect the inner emotion on touch of the products and a connection was created. The Japanese phrase â€Å"çˆ ±Ã§ â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¯ ¼Ë†ai chakuï ¼â€°is an explanation on love or attachment created by artifacts, where â€Å"çˆ ±Ã¢â‚¬  means love and â€Å"ç â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬  means attachment, which also means the place where love is located. Chapter 4.4 Chapter Conclusion Till now, we have covered all aspects of Wabi-Sabi and their applications in real life. Rather than aesthetic, Wabi-Sabi is more like a design thinking. It is a different way to perceive our surroundings and a mean to treat them. Chapter 5 Thesis conclusion and induction of final project Chapter 5.1 Thesis conclusion As a Chinese student studying design in Pratt, I often found myselfShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay2288 Words   |  10 PagesHow to Write a Descriptive Essay More than many other types of essays, descriptive essays strive to create a deeply involved and vivid experience for the reader. 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I sat on the floor and taped off the stripes to be painted, and my mom painted. It was a great team effort, and we are so happy how it turned out. With flowers and butterflies

Code of Conduct Us Military - 950 Words

Conducting yourself under the Code Of Conduct Task: Comply with the requirements of the code of conduct. Conditions: In a classroom setting Standard: Act according to the standards presented in article 1 through article 6 of the code of conduct shown in basic warrior skills 3-21 Risk Assessment: Low Today we will be conducting a class on the U.S. Armies Code of Conduct. Article 1 states â€Å"I am an American, fighting in the forces, which guard my country and our way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense.† What does that mean to you? The code applies to all U.S. forces at all times whether in active combat, in captivity, or in peacetime situations. Members of the U.S. Armed Forces have a duty to†¦show more content†¦I will trust in my god and in the United States Of America† What does that mean to you? You are a member of the American armed forces and are at all times responsible for your own actions. Article 6 is designed to assist members of the armed forces to fulfill there responsibilities and survive captivity with honor. The Code of Conduct, E.O.10631, does not conflict with UCMJ, and the latter continues to apply to each military member during captivity or other hostile detention such as being taken hostage. Soldiers, whether detainees or captives, can be assured that the U.S. government will make every effort to obtain there earliest release. Faith in ones country and its way of life, Faith in ones fellow detainees or captives, and faith in ones self are essential to surviving with honor and resisting exploitation. Check On Learning- set up a scenario where someone gets taken hostage and is tortured to try and extract information a short brief demonstration 5 to 10 minutes long and talk them through what they should beShow MoreRelatedThe Involvement Of Psychologists And The American Psychological Association s Code Of Conduct1382 Words   |  6 PagesMany of the current issues resort to an ethical or unethical question in regards of the American Psychological Association’s Code of Conduct. Are the practices of using inhumane techniques to gain enemy intelligence ethical or unethical? The use of psychologists in military interrogations has led to crossing the lines of being inhumane, which is against the Code of Conduct. This has been explained in many incidents in today’s interrogations against foreign enemies and detainees. The current controversyRead MoreCase Study About Moral of Hacking681 Words   |  3 PagesMcKinnon – Did he break the British Computer Society Code of Conduct? Gary McKinnon was a Scottish Systems Administrator who in 2002 was accused of carrying out the â€Å"biggest military computer hack of all time†. McKinnon claimed that he was merely looking for evidence of a cover-up of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) activities. The US authorities claimed that McKinnon deleted files from US military operating systems which led to a shut-down of military computers. Some sources claim that what McKinnonRead MoreMilitary Discipline and Respect for Authority Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesMILITARY DISCIPLINE AND RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY Discipline is used in the civilian world as of coarse the military world. As a basic everyone is expected to address everyone by their proper tittles. In the Army, saluting is to show respect toward an officer, flag, or our country. When talking to an officer, stand at the position of attention unless given the order â€Å"at ease†. discipline is a specific form of instruction which develops self control, character, and efficiency. Discipline is theRead MoreUnited States Military Values Dictate How We Live Our Lives1144 Words   |  5 Pages Basic United States Military values dictate how we live our lives. There is no line drawn between the Marine Corps and the Army or the Navy and the Air Force. We all live and breathe by these values. The United States of America’s fighting force is supposed to stick together. There is rivalry but also comraderie. When there is a scandal within our fighting force, it affects us all, every one of us. From the added training that we all have to participateRead MoreThe Unethical Behavior of the 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division 1399 Words   |  6 Pages3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division must face reality. â€Å"The kill company† scandal has seriously damaged the image of the US Army, which in turn has challenged the trust the Nation places in its armed forces. More concretely, these events highlighted the need for strengthening the Rakkasans’ ethics standards. Soldiers are not warriors; they are ethical warriors, whose identity relies on two insepa rable pillars: ethics principles and operational efficiency. The Army core values reflect this ethicalRead MoreDecision Making Skills For Arms Control And Trade1134 Words   |  5 Pagesended in 1945. During the Cold War there was no global market for arms trade, countries strictly only dealt with who they considered their allies. With the fall of nazi Germany it left two main superpowers for supplying arms, the USA and Russia. The US solely dealt and supplied arms with countries like the United Kingdom, France, Netherlands and Russia being a communist state at the time dealt with countries that had an influencing communist party in power like Cuba. Both superpowers however competedRead MoreDisrespect of an Nco and Disobeying a Direct Order1741 Words   |  7 Pagesa good NCO his career, and landed me in this punishment. Before I get in to the actual circumstances of this incident I want to cover my references Article 92 and article 89 of the UCMJ. First what is UCMJ? The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) is the base of military law. The UCMJ is a federal law, enacted by Congress in1950. The UCMJ was based upon and replaced the Articles of War. Which had been in various forms since 1775. Articles 77 through 134 of the UCMJ are known as the punitiveRead MoreDisobey: Uniform Code of Military Justice1186 Words   |  5 PagesDisobey Failure to obey any lawful order or regulation shall be punished under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. (Article 92) When I was young I was told to be nice and follow all the rules and do what I was told especially in school. Here in the Marines is no different there are many rules and regulations that are meant to be followed under the Uniform Code of Military Justice Article 92.It’s Important to keep following the orders you are given by anyone who is higher rank than you or beenRead MoreEssay about Customs and courtesies1003 Words   |  5 Pagessoldier is all about. One of those being respect. Relying on the golden rule, â€Å"How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization.† I believe this is an extremely important value to live by each and every day. As a soldier I pledged to treat others with dignity and respect while expecting others to do the same. Respect is what allows us to appreciate the best in oth ers. Respect is trusting that all people have done their jobs and fulfilled their duty. AndRead MoreDegradation of Discipline in the United States Army1452 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The need for discipline in the armed forces is well recognized, and the Uniform Code of Military Justice as well as the respective codes of conduct for the enlisted, warrant and commissioned officers of the military place a high priority on discipline. Despite the ongoing need for a well-disciplined military, some authorities have cited a degrading level of discipline in the U.S. armed forces in general and in the U.S. Army in particular. This paper examines the relevant literature to determine

Management and Business Managers - 1646 Words

Questions amp; Answers: Lecture 1: Managing IT in an E-World 1. Define the mean of Information Technology, and discuss how the management of IT has changed? 2. Discuss the main changes of recent IT trends? 3. The Information Technology trends offered new ways for competition and new ways of working- Explain that? 4. Discuss how the Information Technology offers new ways of business competition? 5. Discuss how the Information Technology offers new ways of working? 6. Differentiate and explain the advantages amp; disadvantages for them : Free Agents amp; Virtual Teams ? 7. What means by IS? What are the three assets of technology ( 3 IT recourse) ? 8. Explain how can manage the IT recourses in modern†¦show more content†¦Many retailers have used their Internet website to compete on cost. By offering sales transactions online, these businesses may decrease their expenses by eliminating physical stores, reducing holding inventory costs, and lowering the costs of individual transactions. Lowering costs also allows some retailers to bet ter compete on price—a â€Å"low cost† strategy. The Internet has also allowed some businesses to compete using differentiation. One example of using the Internet to compete on product/service differentiation is The LEGO Group’s â€Å"LEGO Factory† (http://shop.lego.com/Product/Factory/About.aspx). With downloadable software customers can design their own custom LEGO models, upload their designs over the Internet, and then purchase a custom set of LEGO blocks that can be used to physically build the pre-designed model. In this way, The LEGO Group differentiates their offerings from its competitors who do not offer custom block sets. 6. What three IT assets have been identified as more important in today’s Internet age, and why? [Note: The three assets are presented in Figure 1.2] (Hard Copy of this chapter/figure) Figure 1.2: Three IT Asset Technology Assets, Relationship Assets, and Human Assets must all be managed effectively by IT leaders in modern IT organizations. The Technology Assets are becoming more complex and businesses are increasinglyShow MoreRelatedBusiness Management : The Financial Manager Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages2) Investment Decision: The financial manager is supposed to be able to decide between the most profitable investment portfolio that will reduce to exposure minimum the risk of finance and ensure maximum return to the enterprise owner(s). 3) Dividend Policy: The financial manager is responsible for deciding the dividend policy of the enterprise. In a small scale enterprise, the responsibility of the financial manager would include that of determining how to allocate the profit from the to the variousRead MoreManagement and Global Business Manager Essay2846 Words   |  12 Pagesconflicting perspectives regarding innovation management. d. listen to the different national perspectives and priorities, but minimize differences in views from multiple subsidiaries’ input. B 3. Which of the following does not enhance the efficiency of a local-for-local innovation process? a. Dispersing assets and resources to the subsidiaries and delegating decision-making authority regarding innovations to them. b. 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Fundamentally, all Project Managers must have full comprehension of the bigger picture of an organization Business Strategy and its functional level game plan. This would help them with project operational level decision making as well alignment of projects alignment with corporate mission. . The report will be giving general analysis of inter relevanceRead MoreReport On The Field Of Business Management Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesOpportunities Within The Field Of Business Management Date: October 3, 2016 For: Incoming Students Subject: What Is Business Management All About? Introduction Business management is a very broad field of choice which gives people the opportunity to choose from many careers options. This particular field trains one for roles as managers in many sectors such as education, retail, technology and more. There are many skills one obtains from choosing business management as their major. 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In international business, however, management may take on a few more challenges and roles that are unique compared to the domestic market. This discussion will focus primarily on the impact of management in the globalization of business. InternationalRead MoreFunctional Areas of Business Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyzing the functional areas of Management Adrean D.Thomas MGT/521 September 3, 2013 Dr. Machen Analyzing the functional areas of Management In all types of businesses (big or small), managers play a key role in the efficiency, profitability, and functionality of how the business meets its goals and successes. The purpose of managers are to oversee and coordinate the work of others. 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In the work world there are many opportunities for this major. The function of a business is to provide a service or product to consumers, generate employment opportunities thereby creating a prosperous financial future for the business and its stakeholders. Business management majors are taught to understand big and small business

Analysis of Joel L. Swerdlow’s 2001 Essay, “Changing America

In Joel L. Swerdlow’s 2001 essay, â€Å"Changing America,† he writes about the current cultural differences among kids in high school. He goes on to talk about how you can gather a large variety of kids, coming from all over the world, yet they still somehow manage to develop the same â€Å"American Teenager† attitude toward life. The essay talks about how people used to view America as a â€Å"melting pot† of nations, and how over time that view is starting to change. America was founded on change. Past revolutions were fought to make new ways in which to live life in this country. Our families all came to America, at one point, to feed into this definition of being an American. The term melting pot in my mind means structure, meaning what we, as†¦show more content†¦There is also the teenagers own personal struggles; friends, grades, money, dating and even college. At this time in their lives these are the big hurdles that need to be jumped. In Swerdlow’s essay he mentions that the non white kids fight to hold on to their own individuality. However, when asked what they do on their own time, they list the same things that the â€Å"white† kids do. This is an example that teenagers are all interested in the same activities, even though there will always be different ways of getting those certain things completed. High school is an important time for developing a sense of who you are as a person. Each kid who starts out high school will usually asks themselves what they are there to accomplish. For the most part, many set personal goals for themselves and strive to achieve above and beyond. However, some are just there for the experience and to see where it takes them. It’s apparent that some kids have an easier time and don’t have to struggle with their high school career. For example, some of the students have followed strong academic paths that have prepared them for this time in their lives, where as others have struggled with educational influences and feel unprepared or lost. Swerdlow mentions that the students, who attend J.E.B. Stuart, are given many chances to improve their educational foundation in order to

American Indian History Free Essays

string(39) " technology available to its warriors\." The meaning of the word â€Å"nation† can be interpreted in different ways, but it always signifies the people, native language, traditions and a territory. Every nation has its own usages and they are inherited by its population across the generations. The people love their culture and love their land. We will write a custom essay sample on American Indian History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Long time ago people learnt to cultivate the soil and to grow the crops. However, the land is not just people’s wet-nurse. It is something more for natives, because it unites them into one whole, into one nation. But when somebody deprives people of their land, the power of population as a nation weakens. â€Å"The world turned upside down† – wrote Colin G. Calloway trying to bring to the readers a sorry plight of Indians after blood-thirsty invasion of Englishman into their land. Peace and idyll of Native American’s life remained in the past and new era of a disaster came. One group after another endured successive waves of epidemic disease, inter-tribal and European warfare, rapid environmental change, colonial pressure for cultural change, displacement, and sometimes enslavement and servitude. Some groups disintegrated under the pressure, but others found ways to survive and some new groups came into being. It was not easy for them to adapt to the new laws white men had brought with them. The Indians felt that something was dying for ever and their home had changed. But the main human instinct of a survival played its key role. The Indians learnt to live with colonists. In this paper we’ll discuss the various ways Indian peoples adapted to their new settlers. To open the subject perfectly we’ll look to the life of the Native Americans through the history. For thousands of years land that is now the United States belonged to the Indians. They spoke many different languages. They lived in many different ways. Some were farmers. Some were hunters. Some lived deep in the forests in villages of strongly built houses. Others roamed over the grassy plains, carrying all they owned with them. Each Indian belonged to a tribe, which was made up of a number of bands. Just two or three families constituted some bands. Each Indian thought of himself first not as one man but as part of a band and of a tribe. All the members of a band took care of each other. They hunted or farmed together and shared whatever they caught or grew. Some tribes were warlike. Others lived in peace. Indian religions were many. Some believed in one god, others in many, but all believed that man and nature were very close. Hunters or farmers all knew that the wind, the rain, the sun, the grass, the trees, and all the animals that lived on the earth were important to them. For thousands of years Indians wandered through the forests, over the grassy plains and great deserts. The earth was their mother, supplying all their wants. Then men arrived from Europe, men who wanted to take this land and have it for their own. These men believed that land could be cut up and bought and sold. In 1513 the Spaniard Ponce de Leon arrived in Florida. He did not stay, but he was fallowed by others Europeans who came to settle the land that was to become the United States. Spaniards came and Frenchmen came. Settlers came from England to Virginia and Massachusetts. These settlers wanted the Indians’ land. They wanted it for farms and cities. Englishmen cut down the forests and plowed the earth. Sometimes they made treaties with the Indians in which it was agreed that part of the land belonged to the newcomers and part to the Indians. As more men came from Europe, then were more men who wanted Indians land. The natives could not sell or give away all their land, but the settlers wanted it all. Eventually conflicts arose and outgrew into the Indian Wars. Because of nomadic life, small numbers, lack of weapons Indians turned out not worthy adversary for their enemy. But the Indians fought for their land. They went on fighting for almost four hundred years. Indian armed opposition was suppressed only at the end of nineteenth and their remains were driven to reservations. The Europeans carried with them not only longing to subdue the new land for all its material richness, but also brought unknown and deadly diseases. According to Northern Plains Indian winter counts (chronologies) epidemic diseases occurred on average every 5. 7 years for the area and every 9. 7-15. 8 years for individual groups. Disease outbreaks tended to follow episodes of famine or disease and tended to be followed by episodes of abundance of game when human mortality had been high. Epidemics preceded sustained contact with non-natives. The groups keeping winter counts recognized that epidemic diseases were spread through intergroup contact. Recorded reactions to epidemics include population dispersal, attempts to identify effective medicines, avoidance of outsiders, and changes in religious practices. Chronological listing of references to epidemics in winter counts shows that the northern plains groups endured about thirty-six major epidemics between 1714 and 1919 (table 1). Great smallpox broke out in 1837-38 that decimated the Mandas. Unlike the Yanktonai Blue Thunder winter counts, the Oglala John Colhoff and Flying Hawk winter counts describe the 1844-45 epidemic as severe. Blue Thunder notes that this epidemic was very widespread. The Hunkpapa Cranbrook winter count states that only children were affected by the 1844 measles or smallpox epidemic. . Iron Crow reported a food shortage in 1817 followed by measles or smallpox in 1818. The Yanktonai John Bear recounted a severe famine in 1814, followed by a severe epidemic in 1815. It is unlikely that birthrates could increase enough to compensate for this frequent loss of life. Many aspects of native life in the Great Plains were affected by epi-demics. Military might depended as much on a group’s health as on the training and technology available to its warriors. You read "American Indian History" in category "Papers" Patterns of social aggregation and dispersal, religious revivals, migrations, and survival of particular groups were affected by epidemic disease. The diseases and wares drained Indians having made them vulnerable before Englishmen. As colonists were fully aware from their negotiations for Indian land, the best way to press Indians into service was to allow them to run up debts with English merchants, then demand the balance and bring them to court when they could not pay. In such way â€Å"violation of the rights of Indians†3 continued for a long time. There is more then one example of illegal capture of Indians in their sorrowful history. For instance on August 12, 1865 a Hopi woman wobbled into the office of Lieutenant Colonel Julius C. Show, commanding officer of Fort Wingate, New Mexico Territory. She looked appallingly: her clotted hair with blood from a hand wound hung down her face. The woman declared to Show that while she and her nine-year-old daughter were walking the wagon road between Cubero and Fort Wingate, two men from the village overtook them, thumped her with their rifle butts and left her beside the trail. When she regained consciousness some hours later, her daughter was missing. Retracing her steps to Cubero, she discovered that the men had kidnapped her daughter and refused her to see the child. Then she went to Fort Wingate to plead for Shaw’s mediation in the kidnapping. Two accordant developments provide larger historical and cultural context for the Hopi woman’s dilemma. For although discrete in certain details, the sufferings of this anonymous woman prove symptomatic of the experience of women and children caught in larger processes of violence, exchange, and state regulation in the region. Chato Sanchez – the man who captured the girl answered Shaw’s question about the mother and her daughter clearly that â€Å"he had assumed a debt which this woman contracted and had taken both the mother and her daughter as security against that debt. †4 The man probably spoke the truth as he saw it. Since the early eighteenth century, Spanish New Mexicans had engaged in the practice of â€Å"rescate†, or rescue and redemption of captives held in the power of â€Å"los indions barbarous†. In New Mexico â€Å"rescate† served as the artifice by which legal and moral sanctions against Indian slavery could be subverted. Much about Indian society and culture in southern New En ¬gland had changed during Howwoswee’s lifetime. From the late seventeenth century through the early nineteenth century, English merchants exploited the Indians’ dependence on store credit to coerce men, women, and children alike into bonded service. County court judges complemented this effort by indenturing native debtors who could not pay off their accounts and Indian convicts who could not meet their court fines and costs of jailing. Meanwhile, colonial officials made little but token efforts to stem such practices despite full awareness that they were occurring. By 1700, neither Christian Indians nor colonists found it acceptable for natives to put on reed-woven clothes, skins, or just shirts with leggings, as they did in the seventeenth century. As a result Indians either had to purchase spinning wheels and get wool to their own cloth, which a minority did, or else buy finished material or clothing from local stores. â€Å"Cloth, clothing, and sewing items constituted 16 percent of the value of native purchases at Vineyarder John Allen’s store between 1732 and 1752, 63 percent at John Sumner’s between 1749 and 1752, and 86 percent at Peter Norton’s between 1759 and 1765 (see table 2). Even for merchants who did not specialize in fabric, like Beriah Norton, cloth and clothing sales made up no less than 13 percent of the value of Indian transactions. †5 Food charges for corn, meat, and sweeteners were also significant, running as high as 26 percent at one store (see tables 1). English land purchases had so effectively restricted Indian movement that the natives’ mixed subsistence base of corn-bean-squash agriculture, shellfish gathering, fishing, and hunting had been soundly compromised. Dams prevented fish from migrating along rivers. In connecting with deer herds declined, Indians were compelled to kill their livestock or buy meat. Traditional economic ac ¬tivities were further undermined when Indians went to work for colonists during planting and harvest seasons in order to pay off store accounts. The laborers turned to purchased, rather than self-raised, corn to carry them through the lean winter months until April’s fish runs and the midsummer harvest of squash and beans replenished stores. In such way cycle began: first, a native family was pressed to rely on pur-chased food for a season or two; then creditors forced adults to work for Englishmen; the next cold season, they were back at the store to buy things they had been unable to provide for themselves during the previous year; and thus debts mounted again and the pattern repeated itself. Bonded service affected the Indians of southern New En ¬gland not only individually but culturally as well. Inevitably, having so many Indians, particularly children, living among the English promoted native acculturation to colonial ways. Some acculturative change proved empowering for native communi ¬ties. Other shifts were decidedly less welcome. In either case, groups such as the Wampanoags of Aquinnah and Mashpee, the Narragansetts, and the Pequots were forced to struggle with how to define themselves as they became more like their English neighbors. Indian children had not only to withstand separation from their parents and relatives but to adapt to the colonists’ strange ways. Left with little choice, they could do nothing but adjust. By making colonial agricultural and domestic tasks an accepted part of Indian life, indentures played a key role in natives’ acculturation. In 1767, when Eleazar Wheelock put a Narragansett Indian boy to work in the fields, the boy’s father having expressed a protest proclaimed: â€Å"I can as well learn him that myself †¦ being myself brought up with the best of Farmers. â€Å"7 As usual women rarely recorded such statements, but changes in their work prove that they also were adopting English ways. Indians Betty Ephraim, Patience Amos, and Experience Mamuck received credit from Richard Macy for spinning yarn and sewing — possibly on equipment that they owned themselves, given the presence of spinning wheels and looms in a few native estate inventories. Indentures were not the only factor encouraging Indians to adopt new tasks and technology. Missionaries contin ¬ued to promote the benefits of colonial work ways, no doubt persuading some listeners. Other natives distressed that their lack of accumulated capital made them chronically vulnerable to merchants and judges, carefully decided â€Å"to live more like my Christian English neighbors. â€Å"8 The enormity of servitude’s impact on Indian culture is obvious. At least one-third of native children were living with the English at any given time, most under indentures that kept them in service until their late teens or early twenties. When these servants returned home as adults, they passed on what they had learned to their children, some of whom were in turn bound out to colonists. By the second half of the eighteenth century, probably nearly all native households included at least one person who had spent an essential portion of his or her childhood as a servant. As a result of poverty and widespread in ¬dentured servitude, were the changes Indians experienced in their dress. Between the advent of English settlement and King Philip’s War, Praying Indians in order to mark themselves as Christians cut their hair and donned shirts, pants, shoes, hats, and cloaks. However, many Christian Indians refused to abide by the English dictate that people dress according to their station in the colonists’ social hierarchy. Indian women, in particular, had a special liking for jewelry and clothes that colonists considered gaudy and ungodly. Servitude also influenced the Indians’ food ways. Throughout the early seventeenth century, the usual Indian dish was a corn mush that consisted of some mix of vegetables, shellfish, fish, and/or game. Water was the natives’ sole drink. But soon merchants stocked alternative foods and extended Indian credit lines, as traditional sources of protein became less accessible. As a result natives became accustomed to the food provided by colonial masters; the Indian diet began to change. Although In ¬dians continued to consume traditional foods, by the early eighteenth century they also ate mutton, beef, cheese, and potatoes, massive quantities of molasses and sugar, and smaller amounts of peas, biscuits, and apples (see table 2). Thus, by the end of the eighteenth century the Indian life rather changed. The characteristics that previously had distinguished natives from their colonial neighbors were no longer a part of Indian existence. In ¬dians became more like their white neighbors in their gendered division of labor, in their food and dress, and perhaps even in their propensity to beat children. As colonists forced Indian children as well as adults into bonded labor, natives lost control not only over their workaday lives but over the very upbringing of their young people. Large numbers of children and young adults spent most of their developmental years working in colonists’ homes and on their farms and ships, where they heard and spoke English, performed English work, wore English clothing, and ate English food. Over time, they could not help but become more like their masters. Food, labor, dress, child-rearing: these are major elements of any people’s cultural life. But indentured servitude’s impact on Indian culture was even greater, its reach even longer. It struck much nearer to the foundations of Indian identity when it began to interfere with the people’s ability to pass on native languages through word of mouth and print. Gradually, Indians became English-only speakers and this change more than any other threatened Indian claims to distinctiveness. During the first two-thirds of the eighteenth century, as more and more natives served indentures, Indian literacy rates stagnated or declined. This lack of progress is remarkable, considering that in the seventeenth century, colonial officials and native parents alike expected masters to instruct bound Indian children to read and write English. Some natives sent their offspring to live with colonists or attend boarding schools precisely so that they would be formally educated. Not until the late eighteenth century, when native household servants began to receive instruction in writing from white women — who were themselves in the process of gaining full literacy — did Indian signature rates start to climb, particularly among females. About three centuries wars of annihilation against Indians continued. Because of primitive weapon and nomadic life, Indians’ forces were broken. But not their spirit. Love to their land, nature and culture always lived and lives in their hearts. Despite all the disasters which fell down their heads Indians adapted to the new life. New settlers left indelible imprint on Indians’ life, traditions and language. Many groups of Native Americans did not stand cruel invasion in their life but some of them learnt to find ways to survive. And nowadays the Spirit of the chieftain lives in the heart of every Indian. They are proud of their tribal roots and their culture. Notes 1. Colin G. Calloway, The World Turned Upside Down: Indian voices from Early America (Dartmouth College). 2. Linea Sundstrom, Smallpox Used Them Up: References to Epidemic Disease in Northern Plains Winter Counts, 1714-1920, 309 3. Richard White and John M. Findlay, Power and Place in the North American West (Seattle and London: University Of Washington Press), 44. 4. White, Power and Place, 45. 5. David J. Silverman, The impact of Indentured Servitude on the Society and Culture of Southern New England Indians, 1680 – 1810,626. 6. Silverman, The impact of Indentured Servitude, 627. 7. Silverman, The impact of Indentured Servitude, 652. 8. Ibid. How to cite American Indian History, Papers

The Human Impact on the Global History of Climate Change free essay sample

A Research Paper by Justin Slater Are humans responsible for the destruction of their habitat also known as Mother Nature? Human-made pollution is obvious; from trash in local streams and rivers to plumes of carbon dense smoke billowing out of power plants; it has become quite clear that sustainability is not a priority. Also, our resources are being used and abused much faster than the earth can replenish and recover. Within the past 10 years this abuse of Mother Nature has become a topic of great interest. This interest has been labeled as the â€Å"green movement,† and it advocates stress awareness of waste and pollution and includes its effect on the environment. The most publicized consequence of our non-earth friendly actions is global warming. This theory is blindly adopted with little scientific evidence because it justifies the worlds’ need to â€Å"go green. † When the overwhelming facts concerning greenhouse gasses, and the sheer amount of waste humans produce is taken into account, there is no wonder global warming is justified in peoples’ minds. We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Impact on the Global History of Climate Change or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over the past 150 years human activities have released increasing quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or â€Å"global warming. † Other human effects are relevant—for example, sulphate aerosols are believed to have a cooling effect. Natural factors also contribute. According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earths near-surface air temperature has raised around 1. 3  ± 0. 32  ° Fahrenheit (Wikipedia, 2012). Although human induced global warming is a popular theory, it is misleading because climate change has occurred throughout history, our most recent period of warming ended over ten years ago, and the earth is currently in a state of cooling. The scientific truth is that climate change is nothing new. In the life span of the Earth, a climate where humans could have inhabited the planet is mere smudges on the planet’s climate time-line. Starting with the big bang over 13. 7 billion years ago, the earth has experienced cycles of hot flashes and freezing spells (Sorokhtin, Chilingar, and Khilyuk, 2007, p. ). As recently as 650 million years ago the earth was frozen solid. This period of 10 million years is known as â€Å"Snowball Earth†. After this period, volcanoes began to erupt which produced greenhouse gasses that naturally warmed the earth. Over the next 400 million years, global temperatures rose and fell allowing for small life forms to succeed. Plants, cold-blooded animals, and insects did well during this time (Hulme, 2009). Then, quite suddenly, there was a mass extinction. Over 95% of the earth’s species died due to flood basalt eruptions lasting for one million years. The earth’s temperatures rose an impressive 18 degrees F due to a 700% increase in carbon dioxide during this time. It then took 195 billion years for the blanket of carbon dioxide to dissipate and the earth to cool (Kohler, Bintanja, Fischer, Joos, Knutti, Lohmann, and Masson-Delmotte, 2010). The time spans of these major climatic events far surpass any current data time frames. In comparison to a human life span, the earth moves at a snail’s pace. Any temperature fluctuations observed currently are not significant enough to say that humans have impacted the current natural occurrence. At about 55 million years ago another 20 degrees F increase occurred due to increased methane gas. Over the next 40 million years, temperatures continued to fluctuate, allowing for the polar ice caps to expand and retreat. Since this last temperature change, the climate has stayed relatively stable with an ice age occurring in between every 10,000 years. When temperatures warmed, woolly mammoths and other mega mammals that thrived during the ice age could not survive, while humans were able to adapt (Marsh, 2007). However, it would be ignorant to think climate change would miraculously come to a stop on behalf of human inhabitation. The above-mentioned changes had drastic effects on the Earth. Recently there have been less drastic, though still noticeable, climate fluctuations. The most recognized examples of modern climate change are known as the Medieval Warming Period and the Little Ice Age. The Medieval Warming Period (MWP) took place between 800 and 1300 AD, and consisted of temperatures up to 5 degrees F warmer than today. It is the most recent phase of warming before the industrial era in the 19th and 20th centuries. These temperatures played a huge role in human history, as it was what partially allowed the Vikings to colonize Greenland. Although it is currently being debated, this period of warmth could have been global (Qlan, Burns, Solomon, and Roble, 2009). If so, the slightly elevated temperatures seen over the last thirty years would not be unprecedented. In fact, they would be quite normal and expected. Following the MWP was the Little Ice Age (LIA). This period consisted of three consecutive cold spikes with slightly warmer periods in between. These spikes occurred at about 1650, 1770, and 1850 AD and are well documented in North America and Europe. As with the MWP, it is debatable whether these were global events (Mathews, Weaver, Meissner, Gillett, and Eby, 2004). At this time the sun was virtually free of sunspot activity. A correlation between temperature and sun spot activity known as the Maunder Minimum developed with help from observations from that time (Trenberth, 2009). Not only do these historical events contradict the current theory of human-made global warming, the research gained from these events brings to light other justification for naturally occurring climate change. The justification being that it just happens. There are many scientific explanations for what causes temperature fluctuations such as sun spot activity however, what reduces or increases the amount of sun spots themselves is unknown. There is no doubt the earth has, and will continue to experience periods of warming. Our most recent period began in the 1900s and lasted through the year 2000. This warmth can be accredited to our sun that was the brightest it has been in over a 1,000 years (Michaelowa, 2009). This increase in brightness did not happen over night; instead it was a result of over 100 years of activity. This increased brightness is due to sunspots. It is not clear as to the correlation between sunspots and climate change, however a rough assumption is that the more sun spots there are, the brighter it is, and therefore more heat is produced (Melezhik, 2006). In addition, sunspots create a magnetic cycle that has been found to correlate with the Northern Hemisphere land temperatures (â€Å"Global Warming†, 2004). The important thing of note is the date attached to the above data. At this time the earth was in fact warming. Since the early 2000s, data has shown the earth is once again cooling. According to NASA, sunspots are on the decline: out of the 365 calendar days in 2008, 266 where sunspot free. This was thought to be an all time low since 1913, however an awesome 87% of the days of 2009 were sunspot free. The graph accompanying the article depicts a peak in solar activity right around 2000, with a sharp decline predicted through 2012 (â€Å"Deep†, 2009). So far, this activity chart mimics that of the observed temperature fluctuations. The current lull in activity also allowing scientists to better understand what a deep solar minimum is like first hand. Other studies have found similar evidence. In the journal Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects a study was published analyzing the affects of carbon dioxide and the atmosphere. The scientists concluded the short-term temperature variances scientists have observed over the past 100 years cannot be accredited to fluctuations in carbon dioxide. Instead they are positively matched with sun spot activity Chilingar, Khilyuk, and Sorokhtin, 2008). The recent cooling and previous period of warming are considered short-term temperature changes, and cannot be cited for significant data. However, events such as the Little Ice Age have more historical bearing. Five hundred years is a much more substantial duration of time yet still trivial in comparison to the earth’s first ice age of one million years. As the world’s reliance on fossil fuels increases, so do the byproducts of consumerism. Ever increasing amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses are being admitted into the atmosphere as more cars are on the road and more energy is being produced. According to computer simulations, the earth’s temperature should have increased 1. 8 degrees F over the last 100 years based on the amount of carbon dioxide being released. This has not been the case however. Fluctuations have been smaller, staying with in . 5 of a degree (Baliunas, 1999). Previously, carbon dioxide billowing out of volcanoes was responsible for drastic temperature changes. At times the earth was more than 20 degrees F warmer than it is now. This is poor support for global warming theorists, the volcanic eruptions responsible for the warming occurred over the course of thousands of years. These endless eruptions covered the majority of the earth in molten lava (Marsh, 2007). This scene is unfathomable for humans, and is in no way comparable to the current levels of carbon dioxide found in the atmosphere. The current levels of carbon dioxide are approximately 390 parts per million. This number has increased over the years, however when compared to other levels in history it is not alarming. During the Triassic Period, when dinosaurs roamed the earth, these low levels would have resulted in a much earlier extinction. Carbon dioxide is plant food, an abundance of it, approximately 1,560 to 1950 ppm, resulted in robust vegetation for these large animals to devour (Diffenbaugh, 2009). Humans know the benefits of this gas as well. Many botanists swear talking to their plants is the key to health. Though the plants cannot hear, they are very happy to absorb the carbon dioxide given off during the action of talking. It is clear there is little concrete scientific evidence to support, or deny global warming. What can be confirmed is that climate change is inevitable. Some studies have gone as far as to say the increase in carbon dioxide leads to cooling, not warming. This conclusion has a simple physical explanation: when infrared radiation is absorbed by green house gas molecules the air expands which causes circular fluxes of air masses restoring the temperature in the troposphere. The small amount of carbon dioxide released into the air by humans is not enough to influence the atmospheric temperature of the Earth (Cooling of Atmosphere, 2008). If this subject is studied further and found to be true, there is no doubt a wrench will be thrown in this crucial argument. With compelling, yet questionable evidence for those who agree and disagree with the theory of global warming, there is no doubt that the debate will continue as more research is preformed and time goes on. Dr. Bell believes global warming is the greatest ruse known to modern science. It is debatable how the rumor became so large with such little evidence; however it is quite clear the opposite would be a much greater threat. Food, people and animals can survive in extreme heat with food and water; the same does not go for life in extreme cold. The essentials to life: food and water would be locked away under ice, crops unable to grow and animals unable to eat (Bell, 2007). This is a much scarier thought for humans to comprehend. Some scientists even feel this is one of the reasons global cooling research is so heavily scrutinized and disclaimed. It is apparent the prevailing research and theories on the subject are not willing to be challenged. There is no question global warming is a complex issue, however it is nothing new. Throughout history, extreme climate has been normal. Regardless of what human kind has done by way of contamination, the Earth will continue about its climate cycles without batting an eye. Human life is a fluke, developed from ideal conditions in an inhabitable environment. Humans are but insignificant guests in this world who have failed to respect their hostess. They have polluted and contaminated the environment, but the Earth will keep moving on. The current climate fluctuations are not significant enough for one to use to draw conclusions. Be it another ice age or incinerating heat, the tectonic plates will shift, the volcanoes will erupt, and over millions of years people will be but a memory. However, humans are the Earth’s current inhabitants. To continue to live, sustainability must be kept in mind. Research is contradictory on the subject of climate change; however, there is no denying that the earth is its own entity, unbound by the actions of humans.

Are Our Zoos Cruel to Wild Animals free essay sample

Are our zoos cruel to wild animals? Is our zoos are or arent cruel to wild animals. This Is the most Interesting question for the protection the animals. In my opinion, this Is not true. First of all, there are a lot of zoos In the world, and the people go there by see different species of animals and animals that are In danger. Secondly the zoo protected the animals and they try to help these animals in danger of extinction.As a exult when we go to the zoo we like to see the different animals and If the zoo doesnt take care of these animals, they could die. In conclusion, animals live better in zoos. Than in the Jungle, because in the zoo they have a lot of things. In my opinion zoos arent cruel with animals. But sometimes the people us animals like an object. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Our Zoos Cruel to Wild Animals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At zoos animals where there only because the people see them. The child go to the zoos because Is absolutely fun and different.If the zoos use the animals to make bad things or to exploit them so we could say that they are cruel with animals. For example, if they take a dolphin and they do it going from a place in the other one, we could say that this it is to be a bit cruel. In my conclusion, I think zoos arent cruel with the animals.

The Great Gatsby - Comparison Of Gatsby And Tom Buchanan Essays

The Great Gatsby - Comparison of Gatsby and Tom Buchanan The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby, a wonderful novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald is about a man by the name of Jay Gatsby, and Jay's dream is that through wealth and power, one can acquire happiness. To get to this happiness Jay must reach into the past and relive an old dream. In the past, Jay had a love affair with the affluent Daisy, knowing he could not marry her because he was poor at the time he left her and went to fight in the war. But once he had became rich five years later, he hunted her down and moved close to her, and her new husband Tom Buchanan. Overall, Tom Buchanan and Mr. Gatsby are completely two different types of men, in my opinion. Although there are limited examples of how they are similar. Both of the men had a fondness for Nick Carraway, cousin to Daisy and neighbor to Gatsby. ? ? This is just a friend...? ? (page 71.) Gatsby explains to Meyer Wolfsheim about young Nick Carraway. ? ? When I said you were a particular friend of Tom's, he started to abandon the whole idea. ? ? (page 80.) Jordan Baker told Nick about her conversation with Mr. Gatsby one evening. Gatsby loved Daisy so much more than Tom had, but Tom still confessed his love for Daisy. ? ? And whats more, I love Daisy too. ? ? (page 132.) Tom tried to defend himself as Gatsby accused him of not treating his wife right, and stating that Daisy had never loved Tom. ? ?...Well, there I was, ?way of my ambitions, getting deeper in love every minute, and all of a sudden I didn't care. ? ? (page 150.) Tom tried to explain to Nick of his love for Daisy. Also, one more similarity between Tom and Mr. Gatsby, is the fact that they both had won over Daisy's love. Daisy had loved them both. ? ? I did love him once - but I loved you too.? ? (page 133.) As Daisy had to explain her love for her husband Tom, and her love for Mr. Gatsby, in front of Nick, Jordan, Tom, and Gatsby. There were many differences between Tom and Gatsby. First off, Tom lived in East egg, the more wealthier part, while Gatsby had lived in West egg, where people hadn't inherited all their money, but mostly earned it through illegal matters. ? I lived at West egg, the - well, the less fashionable of the two...the one on my right was a colossal affair by any standard...It was Gatsby's mansion. ? (page 5.) ? Across the courtesy bay the white palaces of fashionable East egg glittered along the water, and the history of the summer really begins on the evening I drove over there to have dinner with the Tom Buchanans. ? (page 5.) Tom told of how he and Mr. Gatsby lived in West egg, and Tom lived in East egg with his wife Daisy. Also, Tom had inherited his money, it was all passed down, from generation to generation. When he was a young boy, his parents were rich. Although, Gatsby had a very different background. He had inherited money from his mentor Dan Cody, well he never really seen the money, but he was suppose to get it from him. He had though, picked up his habits of bootlegging and getting money through illegal matters from Dan Cody. And that is how he got all his money, from illegal business. ? ? A lot of these newly rich people are just bootleggers, you know. ? ? (page 109.) Tom was describing Gatsby to Nick. ? His family were enormously wealthy - even in college his freedom with money was a matter for reproach. ? (page 6.) Nick dictates the facts about Toms childhood and current state of wealth. One major difference in the end, is Nick's final opinion of the two men. At the end of the novel, Nick finds he loves Gatsby and hates Tom. ? I found myself on Gatsby's side, and alone. ? (page 165.) Nick tells it the way it is. ? ? I couldn't forgive him or like him, but I had saw that what he had done was, to him, entirely justified. ? ? (page 180.) Nick explains his feelings toward Tom after he had last seen him after Gatsby's

Surrogacy and How it Affects Families

Surrogacy and How it Affects Families Background Information The modern breakthrough in the medical field and specifically in the area of assisted reproduction has resulted in the emergence of new types of families in the contemporary society whereby genetic parenthood does not necessarily guarantee social parenthood (Golombok et al., 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogacy and How it Affects Families specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Surrogacy, one of the forms of assisted reproduction refers to an arrangement where one woman offers to bear a child on behalf of another person. There are two types of surrogacy arrangements; traditional surrogacy which involves situations where the surrogate mother donates her womb as well as her egg in order to provide a baby and this consequently renders the surrogate mother biologically connected to the child since they share genetic material (Ziegler, 2004). This method is widely preferred since it is consider ably less expensive than gestational surrogacy. In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate mother lacks genetic connection whatsoever with the child since and her role is to donate only her womb to carry the child. Both the egg and the sperm are produced by the commissioning parents and the embryo is then created in the lab after which after which it is then transferred into the surrogate’s uterus (Ziegler, 2004). Although surrogacy has an ancient history dating back to the biblical times, the issue began to raise controversy in the contemporary society in the 80s with major concerns being raised regarding children welfare and women rights (Golombok et al, 2004). Surrogacy has been executed through artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization which has received a lot of opposition from the institution of family, religion and the society at large. In fact, of all the assisted reproduction procedures that are being utilized in the modern society, surrogacy remains the most c ontentious method prompting most legal systems in the world to formulate regulations to govern the practice (Golombok et al, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reasons for Prevalence Of Surrogacy in the Modern Society Some couples opt for surrogacy to provide a solution in case one of the partners is incapable of having a child either due to infertility or other factors (Jonsen, 1998). The female partner may e experiencing medical complications with her uterus, ovaries or other complications that may inhibit her ability to conceive children and use of a surrogate mother provides the couple with a means through which the couple can acquire a child who is related to one of the partners. In addition, the use of surrogate mothers provides an easier opportunity for the infertile mother to have a child while avoiding the bureaucratic and cumbersome procedures associated with traditional adoption and also provides her with an opportunity to raise a child who is genetically related to her partner (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998). Surrogacy also benefits the fertile partner by providing an opportunity for him to conceive and raise a child who is biologically tied to him and this further avoids ugly situations in marriages such as divorce, polygamy, and adulterous unions among others (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998). Further, the use of a medical practitioner in the entire process of surrogacy considerably reduces the above events and other factors that may promote destruction of the institution of the family. Proponents of surrogacy have argued that through surrogate motherhood, a child is given a chance to live and this would otherwise have not have been possible in absence of such arrangements and the child also benefits from being reared by parents who wanted the child so much that they were willing to withstand financial, legal and other hardshi ps to have this child. Further, One preliminary study revealed that about one third of the surrogate mothers may use the process to help them deal with past experiences that have negatively affected them psychologically. Women that may have undergone abortions or voluntarily given up their children for adoption may utilize this arrangement to derive psychologically satisfaction (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogacy and How it Affects Families specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although there exists numerous potential risks associated with surrogacy arrangements, those risks can be understood by the prospective participants to weigh the effectiveness and drawbacks of using this method of assisted reproduction (Josen 1998). Surrogate motherhood has received extensive media attention in the recent past and has raised a lot of emotional reactions and ethical concerns in the modern so ciety. The issues raised range from inclusion of third party in the process of procreation and in the basic family set up to the psychological consequences of the arrangement to the parties involved especially the child. Unfortunately scholars lack adequate information to assess the impacts of these issues on the parties involved since the activities surrounding surrogacy such as sperm donation and infertility are still treated with utmost secrecy consequently limiting the scope of the study (Jonsen, Veatch., Walters, 1998). Effects of Surrogacy Arrangement on the Family There lacks a systematic controlled investigation on the consequences of surrogacy in family relationships but some studies conducted on assisted reproduction show no adverse effects of these methods on parenting (Golombok et al, 2004). Parents of genetically related children conceived through In Vitro fertilization have been found to display good relationships with their children and when differences have been fou nd to exist between IVF parents and natural conception parents, the differences have tended to reflect higher levels of anxiety among IVF parents of infants and preschool children (Golombok et al, 2004). These mothers who had their children conceived through IVF tended to be more protective of their children and they allowed their children less autonomy relative to natural mothers. Further these parents viewed their children as more vulnerable and special and also demonstrated less maternal efficacy than natural conception mothers (Golombok et al, 2004). Surrogacy arrangements are characterized by anxiety and uncertainties generated throughout the period of pregnancy until the commissioning couple receives the child. This results from lack of a guarantee that the surrogate mother will relinquish the child upon birth since in some past cases surrogate mothers have refused to give up the child to the intended parents (Golombok et al, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently the commissioning parents must ensure that there exists a mutually acceptable relationship between them and the surrogate and they may negatively impact on the couple’s relationship. Greater difficulties may be further experienced by the commissioning mother who may be neither the genetic nor the gestational mother and may feel insecure and excluded in their mothering role (Golombok et al, 2004). Moral Aspects of Surrogacy One of the dangers inherent surrogacy arrangements is that it may amount to commodification of children (Hendrick, 2010). The arrangement may serve to promote the perception that children complete a family like any other consumer goods. Some scholars have warned about the emergence of ‘capitalist baby industry’ which may result in commodification of children as well as the personal attributes such as sex, color height etc. However, the argument that surrogacy turns babies into a market commodity seems a little far fetched with some scholars acknowledging that the argument is to some extent exaggerated and the child exchange is valid only to the extent that the surrogacy is regarded as objectionable (Hendrick, 2010). Various arguments have been put forward to explain the psychological effects of surrogacy on children on the knowledge of their true identity. Negative impacts are especially likely to arise in situations where the children share a strenuous relationship with the commissioning parents and the knowledge that they had come to this world as a result of a commercial arrangement may cause further damage to the relationship and may also interfere with the child’s development and self esteem (Hendrick, 2010). However, due to lack of adequate and clear empirical evidence on the long term psychological effects of surrogacy, we can only make predictions about its long term impacts on children and the institution of the family. It is clear that even though surrogacy is problematic, it is just as probl ematic as any other conventional family and the dangers involved are neither inevitable nor insurmountable. Therefore, the society should focus more on regulation of the practice rather than involving themselves in pessimistic speculations of its outcome (Hendrick, 2010). Legal Aspects of Surrogacy Universal laws pertaining surrogacy are dynamic (Ziegler, 2004). It is therefore vital for the parties involved in the arrangement opt consult an experienced attorney in drawing and implementation of the contract. In the United States back in 2004, only two states were considered ‘surrogate friendly’; California and Arkansas, with California having the case law on how to handle such arrangements consequently making it the most favorable state for surrogacy arrangements (Ziegler, 2004). A considerable number of states lacked outlined laws governing surrogacy and most of them treated it like adoption while in other states such as Washington and New York criminalized paid surrog acy. Most surrogacy legislation fails to give a clear cut distinction in terms of provisions for gestational and traditional surrogacy (Sauer, 1998). As the traditional method continues to be the most preferred method due to its cost efficiency, most states requires stepparent adoption by the intended mother before a final adoption order is permitted and in some states it is subject to the surrogate’s change of heart. One of the most important components of an egg donor agreement is that it involves relinquishment of parental rights by the donor upon the birth of the child and under the agreement the child is considered to belong to the intended parents (Sauer, 1998). Where the contract for surrogate parenting is unenforceable, there are remedies provided for the parties involved (Freedman, 1991). The genetic father involved in the surrogacy is readily acknowledged as the biological father of the child and consequently expected to support the child and the surrogate if she ke eps the child. However, the burden of proof lies on the surrogate who should prove that the said person is the biological father of the child and may use the human leucocytes antigen test to resolve the paternity issue. In addition, she is needed to prove that the state statute that renders the sperm donor free of any responsibility to a child conceived through artificial conception does not apply in her case (Freedman, 1991). Reference List Freedman, W. (1991). Legal issues in biotechnology and human reproduction: artificial conception and modern genetics, UK: Greenwood publishing. Golombok, S., Murray, C., Jadva, V., MacCallu, F., and Lycett, E. (2004). Families created through surrogacy arrangements: parent-child relationship in the first year of life. Web. Hendrick, J. (2010). Laws and ethics in children’s nursing, UK: John Wiley and sons. Jonsen, R. A., Veatch, M. R., and Walters, L. (1998). Source book in bioethics, Washington DC: Georgetown University press. Sauer, V. M. (1998). Principles of oocyte and embryo donation. NY: Springer. Ziegler, S. (2004). Pathways to parenthood: the ultimate guide to surrogacy. London: universal publishers.